GC/MS法测定水中烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚

采用气相色谱/质谱联用测定环境水体中壬基酚、壬基酚一氧乙基醚、壬基酚二氧乙基醚、4-叔辛基酚、4-叔辛基酚一氧乙基醚和4-叔辛基酚二氧乙基醚,用二氯甲烷对水样液液萃取,浓缩后添加BSTFA+ TMCS(体积比为99∶1)在室温下衍生化0.5h.方法在0.001 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,目标化合物的检出限范围为4.0×10-7 mg/L～8.8×10-7 mg/L,空白加标样品平行测定的RSD为5.1％ ～8.8％,回收率为85.6％～ 110％.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定饮用水中15种稀土元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定饮用水中15种稀土元素,采取内标校正法,以Rh、Re、Bi为内标,结合优化仪器条件和干扰校正方程来消除干扰.15种稀土元素的方法检出限为0.000 2μg/L～ 0.003 μg/L,混合标准溶液平行测定的RSD＜ 6％,饮用水样品的加标回收率为98％～120％.     

类Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合处理活性艳红K-2BP的研究

以H2O2为氧化剂、聚硅硫酸亚铁(PFSSⅡ)为催化絮凝剂,两者耦合形成类Fenton试剂氧化-絮凝处理活性艳红K-2BP废水.当PFSSⅡ的铁硅摩尔比为1∶3,H2O2和PFSSⅡ的投加量分别为10 mg/L和15 mg/L(以Fe2+计)时,活性艳红的脱色率可达到98%以上,且氧化反应速率符合三级反应速率方程.与传...     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及底泥等中常量及微量元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤及底泥等中的铜、铅等多元素方法,采用水平及垂直双向观测,提高了分析灵敏度。对ICP工作参数选择、酸度对测定的影响、元素分析线选择、元素间光谱干扰校正系数的确定以及背景扣除方式等进行了研究。该方法线性范围宽，精密度及准确度较好，检出限低，多元素同时分析，分析速度快，操作简便。用于实际样品的测定，结果满意。     

安徽省大气污染物时空分布特征及演化规律

在区域复合型大气污染逐渐常态化之下,联防联控治理的新模式已成为解决区域性大气污染的根本途径和有效措施.利用2015年冬季（2015年11月8日—2016年1月20日）、2016年冬季（2016年11月8日—2017年1月20日）安徽省16个城市大气污染物（NO₂、SO₂、CO、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）浓度数据,结合耦合协调度模型、探索性空间数据分析和障碍度模型,分析大气污染物的时空格局特征,描述其演变规律和总体走向,诊断区域大气污染物中的首要障碍因子.结果表明:①安徽省大气污染物浓度水平具有时间波动性和空间非均衡性,NO₂、O₃、PM₁₀和PM_2.5指数水平表现为递增态势,整体呈现“两高一低”,即皖北高（0.050 3）、中部地区高（0.050 1）和皖南低（0.040 5）的态势,年际变化呈增长趋势,空间分异度变化较大;②安徽省大气污染物耦合度较高,基本维持在拮抗阶段（2015年冬季和2016年冬季耦合度年均值分别为0.480、0.479）,皖北呈增加态势,而中、南部城市主要呈略微降低趋势;包括极度失调和严重失调两种类型（2015年冬季和2016年冬季协调度平均值分别为0.114、0.123）;③安徽省内各城市大气污染物在全省范围内热、冷点分布迥异,2015年冬季和2016年冬季主要经历了聚拢（NO₂、O₃向中部城市聚拢）和北迁（PM₁₀、PM_2.5往北迁）两个过程.研究显示,结合安徽省大气污染物障碍度测量分析,优化和量化区域大气污染物中的首要障碍因子,可为有效开展地区大气污染的防控治理及区域联动提供有利保障.      

热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构响应计算与疲劳寿命预估

目的研究热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构的动力学响应与疲劳寿命。方法采用耦合的有限元/边界元法,完成不同热声载荷下的振动应力计算。基于改进的雨流计数法,对不同热声载荷下危险点位置及典型位置的疲劳寿命进行预估。结果屈曲前随温度的增加,薄壁锥壳结构的基频降低,屈曲后在一定温度范围内时,基频增加。薄壁锥壳结构的应力集中主要出现在孔边位置,基频在热声激励响应中起主导作用。低阶固有频率处存在较大峰值,高阶频带范围内的峰值较小,模态密度较高。结论在800～1000℃的温度载荷与强声载荷下,薄壁锥壳结构的疲劳寿命只能维持几个小时,所以在抗声疲劳结构设计中要考虑响应谱的频率结构,及注重结构孔边位置的结构设计。     

Water chemistry influences on long-term dissolution kinetics of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

Widespread usage of engineered metallic quantum dots(QDs) within consumer products has evoked a need to assess their fate within environmental systems.QDs are mixed-metal nanocrystals that often include Cd~(2+)which poses a health risk as a nanocrystal or when leached into water.The goal of this work is to study the long-term metal cation leaching behavior and the factors affecting the dissolution processes of mercaptopropionic acid(MPA) capped CdSe/ZnS QDs in aphotic conditions.QD suspensions were prepared in different water conditions,and release of Zn2+and Cd~(2+) cations were monitored over time by size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasm a-mass spectrometry.In most conditions with dissolved 02 present,the ZnS shell degraded fairly rapidly over～1 week,while some of the CdSe core remained up to 80 days.Additional MPA,Zn~(2+),and Cd2+temporarily delayed dissolution,indicating a moderate role for capping agent detachment and mineral solubility.The presence of H_2 O_2 and the ligand ethylenediaminetetraacetate accelerated dissolution,while NOM had no kinetic effect.No dissolution of CdSe core was observed when 02 was absent or when QDs formed aggregates at higher concentrations with 02 present.The shrinking particle model with product layer diffusion control best describes Zn2+and Cd~(2+) dissolution kinetics.The longevity of QDs in their nanocrystal form appears to be partly controlled by environmental conditions,with anoxic,aphotic environments preserving the core mineral phase,and oxidants or complexing ligands promoting shell and core mineral dissolution.     

GROUND WATER/SURFACE WATER RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CLIMATE SIMULATIONS,SANTA CLARA‐CALLEGUAS BASIN,VENTURA, CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Climate variations can play an important, if not always crucial, role in successful conjunctive management of ground water and surface water resources. This will require accurate accounting of the links between variations in climate, recharge, and withdrawal from the resource systems, accurate projection or predictions of the climate variations, and accurate simulation of the responses of the resource systems. To assess linkages and predictability of climate influences on conjunctive management, global climate model (GCM) simulated precipitation rates were used to estimate inflows and outflows from a regional ground water model (RGWM) of the coastal aquifers of the Santa Clara‐Calleguas Basin at Ventura, California, for 1950 to 1993. Interannual to interdecadal time scales of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) climate variations are imparted to simulated precipitation variations in the Southern California area and are realistically imparted to the simulated ground water level variations through the climate‐driven recharge (and discharge) variations. For example, the simulated average ground water level response at a key observation well in the basin to ENSO variations of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures is 1.2 m/°C, compared to 0.9 m/°C in observations. This close agreement shows that the GCM‐RGWM combination can translate global scale climate variations into realistic local ground water responses. Probability distributions of simulated ground water level excursions above a local water level threshold for potential seawater intrusion compare well to the corresponding distributions from observations and historical RGWM simulations, demonstrating the combination's potential usefulness for water management and planning. Thus the GCM‐RGWM combination could be used for planning purposes and — when the GCM forecast skills are adequate — for near term predictions.     

异丙醇增感电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒

提出了沸水浴混合酸法消解,以异丙醇为增感剂,电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒的方法。实验表明2mol/L硝酸-4mol/L盐酸混酸能有效溶出土壤和沉积物中各种形态的硒。相对于1%硝酸基体,4%(V/V)异丙醇基体中硒的ICP-MS响应值提高了12.1倍;而且4%(V/V)异丙醇基体可有效抑制硒的质谱干扰。ICP发射功率和雾化气流速是影响异丙醇在ICP-MS测定过程增敏效应的主要因素。以78硒为测定同位素,方法检出限为0.005mg/kg,实际样品测定精密度均小于5%。用于测定土壤和沉积物国家标准样品并对其消解液进行加标回收实验,结果令人满意。     

大空间钢网架结构的性能化抗火分析

大空间钢网架结构常作为人员密集场所建筑的屋盖,火灾下一旦发生坍塌,将可能造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,因此对其抗火性能有必要深入研究。本文运用FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)火灾模拟软件对某工业厂房进行火灾模拟,得到火灾发生发展的时间—温度曲线。在此基础上,运用ANSYS有限元软件对火灾下网架结构的不同位置进行了热—力耦合的位移和内力分析。结果表明,采用计算机模拟得到的升温曲线,要比一概采用ISO834标准求得的升温曲线更符合实际情况;火灾发生在中间位置更为不利,必须采取防火保护措施;火灾下结构会发生内力重分配,但距离火源越远处的杆件内力和位移变化越小。本文结论可供该类型结构的抗火设计和灭火救援参考。